A Study on the Development and Validation of an Intergenerational Solidarity Measuring Tool Using Mixed Methods

Abstract Intergenerational conflicts caused by rapid socioeconomic changes have highlighted the importance of strengthening intergenerational solidarity, emphasizing the necessity of tool designed to measure intergenerational solidarity. This study developed a standardized intergenerational solidarity measurement tool using mixed methods. In the qualitative research stage, 27 main survey questions were derived through literature research, in-depth interviews, and content validity verification. In the quantitative research stage, based on the results of a survey of 1,109 adults, both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the questions were conducted, and the validity of the questions was confirmed. The analysis results were used to develop a 10-item measurement tool consisting of two factors: “recognition of intergenerational solidarity in the family” and “recognition of social intergenerational solidarity.” This study is the first attempt to develop a standardized measure of intergenerational solidarity, and it can be used for nationwide panel surveys in academic and policy research.


THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL RELATIONS OF KOREAN AND KOREAN AMERICAN OLDER ADULTS AND THEIR WELL-BEING
Chair: Meeryoung Kim Co-Chair: Nan Sook Park Discussant: Michin Hong Various relationships are important for the well-being of older adults. This session focuses on the vertical and horizontal relations of Korean and Korean American older adults and their well-being. The purpose of this session is to highlight the importance of intergenerational relations and social involvement of Korean and Korean American older adults. For vertical relations, two studies focus on intergenerational relationships and solidarity. The first study investigated whether intergenerational relationships and social support mediate the distressing consequences of life events, and how this improved the psychological well-being of Korean older adults. The second study developed a standardized measurement tool for intergenerational solidarity because intergenerational conflicts caused by rapid socioeconomic changes have highlighted the importance of strengthening intergenerational solidarity. The third and fourth studies focus on horizontal relations involving social isolation and social involvement. Guided by the double jeopardy hypothesis, the third study examined the health risks posed by the coexistence of social and linguistic isolation in older Korean Americans. As the opposite of social isolation, social involvement was an important factor of social integration of older adults. The fourth study examined volunteering as an example of social involvement by focusing on older adults' volunteering on the social integration and role identity. Implications of this study suggest not only the importance of social involvement but also the intergenerational relationships on older adults' well-being.

INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS, SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG KOREAN OLDER ADULTS
Janet Wilmoth, and Yooumi Lee, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States Using longitudinal data from the 2006 to 2018 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, this study explores depression trajectories among individuals who are 60 or older with at least one living adult child at baseline. We estimated linear growth curve models of depression trajectories separately for married, unmarried and widowed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Results indicate that declining health and recent widowhood are positively related to depressive symptoms. Satisfactory intergenerational relationships and social support in the form of caregiving decrease depressive symptoms of older parents, especially among the widowed. Having at least one son and a first-born daughter positively impact psychological well-being of older parents. A son was particularly important for those who are widowed. We conclude that the psychological benefits of intergenerational relationships and social support are contingent upon the vulnerability of Korean older adults and discuss the implications for public policy.

Seok In Nam, and Joosuk Chae, Yonsei University, Seoul, Seoul-t'ukpyolsi, Republic of Korea
Intergenerational conflicts caused by rapid socioeconomic changes have highlighted the importance of strengthening intergenerational solidarity, emphasizing the necessity of tool designed to measure intergenerational solidarity. This study developed a standardized intergenerational solidarity measurement tool using mixed methods. In the qualitative research stage, 27 main survey questions were derived through literature research, in-depth interviews, and content validity verification. In the quantitative research stage, based on the results of a survey of 1,109 adults, both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the questions were conducted, and the validity of the questions was confirmed. The analysis results were used to develop a 10-item measurement tool consisting of two factors: "recognition of intergenerational solidarity in the family" and "recognition of social intergenerational solidarity." This study is the first attempt to develop a standardized measure of intergenerational solidarity, and it can be used for nationwide panel surveys in academic and policy research.

THE IMPACT OF VOLUNTEERING MOTIVATION FOR OLDER KOREAN ADULTS ON SOCIAL INTEGRATION AND ROLE IDENTITY Meeryoung Kim, Daegu University, Daegu, Kyongsangbukto, Republic of Korea
As life expectancy increases, older Korean adults need more activities for the next 20 to 30 years after their retirement. Rowe and Kahn indicate active social participation as an area of successful aging. After retirement, older adults uphold a desire to be part of society. This study examines the motivation effects for volunteering on social integration, role identity and volunteer satisfaction. Subjects for this study are 303 older volunteers belonging to the Korean Senior Citizens' Association throughout South Korea. According to the results, the skills obtained through volunteering had a significant effect on social integration, role identity, and volunteer satisfaction. Value motivation also had a significant effect on social integration, and reinforcement motivation significantly affected role identity. Implications of this study were found to have various effects according to the motivation for volunteering. Therefore, it will be important to understand the older adults' motives so that they can volunteer accordingly.

HEALTH RISKS POSED BY SOCIAL AND LINGUISTIC ISOLATION IN OLDER KOREAN AMERICANS
Yuri Jang, 1 Hyunwoo Yoon, 2 Nan Sook Park, 3 David Chiriboga, 3 Miyong Kim, 4 and Juyoung Park, 1 1. University of Southern California,Los Angeles,California,United States,2. School of Social Work,Portland State University,Portland,Oregon,United States,3. University of South Florida,Tampa,Florida,United States,4

. School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
Guided by the double jeopardy hypothesis, the present study examined the health risks posed by the coexistence of social and linguistic isolation in older Korean Americans. Using data from the Study of Older Korean Americans (SOKA, n = 2,032), comparisons of four isolation typologies (no isolation, social isolation only, linguistic isolation only, and dual isolation) were made, and their impacts on physical (self-rated health), mental (mental distress), and cognitive health (cognitive performance) were examined. The 'dual isolation' group exhibited greater sociodemographic and health disadvantages. The odds of having fair/poor health, mental distress, and cognitive impairment were 2.21-3.17 times higher in the 'dual isolation' group than those in the group with no isolation. Our findings confirm that both social relationships and language proficiency are key elements for older immigrants' social connectedness and integration, deprivation of which puts them at risk in multidimensions of health. Few scientists had the breadth and depth of scholarship, the keen interest in interdisciplinary scientific collaboration, and the commitment to mentoring the next generation of scientists as Dr. James Jackson. His passing remains a tremendous loss for the field. This symposium, organized by members of the Michigan Center for Urban African American Aging Research (MCUAAAR), which was founded by James over 20 years ago, reflects on the impact of transdisciplinary team science, of the importance of research networks and resource sharing, of the need to center research within practice and community, and of the scientific innovation that comes from integrating conceptual models, data sources, and methodological approaches from seemingly disparate fields. The session is co-chaired by Dr. Robert Taylor, longtime faculty member and current PI of MCUAAAR. The talk by session chair Dr. Briana Mezuk will discuss the ways in which the training approach of Analysis Core has inspired new training programs on integrative methods focused on minority health and disparities. The talk by Dr. Tam Perry will describe the innovations of the Community Liaison and Recruitment Core, including how COVID-19 impacted the activities of the Healthier Black Elder Center. The third talk by Dr. Rodlescia Sneed, a MCUAAAR early-career scientist, provides an example of how this Center supports interdisciplinary minority aging research through her project focused on older adults who have a history of incarceration. Finally, Discussant Dr. Roland Thorpe, a member of the MCUAAAR Advisory Board, will reflect on Dr. Jackson's legacy of mentorship and collaboration.